inlet peltier cooler  (GL Sciences)

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Female mosquitoes use redundant human-emitted cues (CO 2 , odor, and heat) to pursue blood meal. The black ovals with sensory cues displayed here and throughout the manuscript show the sensory stimuli present in the corresponding behavioral experiment. ( B ) Schematic of heat-seeking assay apparatus (30 cm 3 ). ( C ) Representative experimental image of wild-type female mosquitoes on and near the Peltier (dotted line) set at 36°C. ( D , F , and H ) Schematic of female body parts that express Ir25a (D), Ir76b (F), and Ir8a (H). ( E , G , and I ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotypes on Peltier during seconds 90 to 180 of stimuli of indicated temperature (mean ± SEM, n = 5 to 13 trials per genotype; data points marked with * indicate that the mutant differs significantly from all other tested genotypes within each tested temperature at P < 0.05; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). See also fig. S1 and movie S1.

Article Snippet: The air temperature was adjusted by controlling the Peltier heater/cooler device temperature using an external bipolar temperature controller (Warner Instruments, CL-100).

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic of female body parts that express Orco . ( B ) Heatmaps showing mean mosquito occupancy for the indicated genotypes on the Peltier (dotted lines) and surrounding area at indicated Peltier temperature during seconds 90 to 180 of each stimulus period. ( C ) Mean ± SEM percentage of mosquitoes of indicated genotypes on Peltier (top) during the 36°C trial (bottom). A 20-s pulse of CO 2 was applied at the beginning of each stimulus period. ( D ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotypes on Peltier during seconds 90 to 180 of stimuli of indicated temperature (mean ± SEM, n = 9 trials per genotype; data points marked with * indicate that the mutant differs significantly from all other tested genotypes within each tested temperature at P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). ( E to G ) Mean dwell time (E), landing frequency (F), and take-off frequency (G) of indicated genotypes on the Peltier surface during the 36°C trial ( n = 9 trials per genotype). ( H ) Schematic representation of the modified heat-seeking assay (28 cm 3 ) in the presence of DEET. ( I ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotype and treatment groups heat-seeking during a 40°C trial ( n = 6 to 10 trials per genotype). Data are plotted as scatter-box plots (individual data points, median as horizontal line, interquartile range as box) for (E) to (G) and (I). Data labeled with different letters differ significantly ( P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). See also movie S2.

Article Snippet: The air temperature was adjusted by controlling the Peltier heater/cooler device temperature using an external bipolar temperature controller (Warner Instruments, CL-100).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Modification, Labeling

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A to C ) Sensory organs, genes, and experimental evidence for intrinsically thermosensitive neurons currently known in adult Drosophila melanogaster ( , , – ) (A), Anopheles gambiae ( , , ) (B), and Aedes aegypti ( , , ) (C). ( D ) Schematic of antennal tip removal, with distal three segments cut from both antennae. ( E ) Arm feeding assay schematic. ( F ) Percent engorged on the human arm of indicated antenna treatment ( n = 8 to 9 trials per condition). ( G ) Glytube assay schematic. ( H ) Percent engorged on blood in the Glytube assay of indicated antenna treatment and blood temperature ( n = 9 trials per condition). ( I ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated antenna treatment on Peltier during seconds 90 to 180 of stimuli of indicated temperature (mean ± SEM, n = 8 to 9 trials per treatment; ns, unpaired t test at each tested temperature). ( J ) Schematic of the optothermocycler assay. ( K ) Percent probing in response to ambient temperature and heat at 34°C for antennal tip removal (left, n = 9 trials per condition) and full antenna removal (right, n = 8 trials per condition). Data are plotted as means ± SEM (ns, unpaired t test comparing cut and intact mosquitoes at 34°C). ( L ) Tarsal removal schematic, with distal three tarsal segments cut from each pair of legs. ( M ) Percent engorged on the human arm of indicated tarsal treatment ( n = 6 to 8 trials per condition). ( N ) Percent engorged on blood in the Glytube assay of indicated tarsal treatment ( n = 13 trials per condition). ( O to Q ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotypes on Peltier during the 26°C (O), 36°C (P), or 55°C (Q) trials. n = 9 trials per genotype. Data are plotted as scatter-box plots (individual data points, median as horizontal line, interquartile range as box) for (F), (H), and (M) to (Q). Data labeled with different letters are significantly different ( P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). See also fig. S3.

Article Snippet: The air temperature was adjusted by controlling the Peltier heater/cooler device temperature using an external bipolar temperature controller (Warner Instruments, CL-100).

Techniques: Feeding Assay, Labeling

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic of Aedes aegypti Ir140 and Orco loci. Arrows indicate Ir140 mutant alleles in wild-type and Orco mutant backgrounds. Introns are not drawn to scale. ( B and C ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotype on Peltier during seconds 90 to 180 of stimuli of indicated temperature for single Ir140 mutants [(B), n = 9 to 12 trials per genotype] and Orco , Ir140 double mutants [(C), n = 8 to 11 trials per genotype]. ( D ) Summary and model of Aedes aegypti heat detection and enhanced thermosensitivity in Orco mutant mosquitoes. Data are plotted as scatter-box plots (individual data points, median as horizontal line, interquartile range as box) for (B) and (C). Data labeled with different letters are significantly different ( P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test at each tested temperature). See also figs. S7 and S8.

Article Snippet: The air temperature was adjusted by controlling the Peltier heater/cooler device temperature using an external bipolar temperature controller (Warner Instruments, CL-100).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Labeling

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Female mosquitoes use redundant human-emitted cues (CO 2 , odor, and heat) to pursue blood meal. The black ovals with sensory cues displayed here and throughout the manuscript show the sensory stimuli present in the corresponding behavioral experiment. ( B ) Schematic of heat-seeking assay apparatus (30 cm 3 ). ( C ) Representative experimental image of wild-type female mosquitoes on and near the Peltier (dotted line) set at 36°C. ( D , F , and H ) Schematic of female body parts that express Ir25a (D), Ir76b (F), and Ir8a (H). ( E , G , and I ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotypes on Peltier during seconds 90 to 180 of stimuli of indicated temperature (mean ± SEM, n = 5 to 13 trials per genotype; data points marked with * indicate that the mutant differs significantly from all other tested genotypes within each tested temperature at P < 0.05; one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). See also fig. S1 and movie S1.

Article Snippet: As for the heated air line, tubing was connected to a dual in-line solution Peltier heater/cooler device (Warner Instruments, SC-20), and the outlet was placed directly above the sensory appendage to be imaged.

Techniques: Mutagenesis

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic of female body parts that express Orco . ( B ) Heatmaps showing mean mosquito occupancy for the indicated genotypes on the Peltier (dotted lines) and surrounding area at indicated Peltier temperature during seconds 90 to 180 of each stimulus period. ( C ) Mean ± SEM percentage of mosquitoes of indicated genotypes on Peltier (top) during the 36°C trial (bottom). A 20-s pulse of CO 2 was applied at the beginning of each stimulus period. ( D ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotypes on Peltier during seconds 90 to 180 of stimuli of indicated temperature (mean ± SEM, n = 9 trials per genotype; data points marked with * indicate that the mutant differs significantly from all other tested genotypes within each tested temperature at P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). ( E to G ) Mean dwell time (E), landing frequency (F), and take-off frequency (G) of indicated genotypes on the Peltier surface during the 36°C trial ( n = 9 trials per genotype). ( H ) Schematic representation of the modified heat-seeking assay (28 cm 3 ) in the presence of DEET. ( I ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotype and treatment groups heat-seeking during a 40°C trial ( n = 6 to 10 trials per genotype). Data are plotted as scatter-box plots (individual data points, median as horizontal line, interquartile range as box) for (E) to (G) and (I). Data labeled with different letters differ significantly ( P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). See also movie S2.

Article Snippet: As for the heated air line, tubing was connected to a dual in-line solution Peltier heater/cooler device (Warner Instruments, SC-20), and the outlet was placed directly above the sensory appendage to be imaged.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Modification, Labeling

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A to C ) Sensory organs, genes, and experimental evidence for intrinsically thermosensitive neurons currently known in adult Drosophila melanogaster ( , , – ) (A), Anopheles gambiae ( , , ) (B), and Aedes aegypti ( , , ) (C). ( D ) Schematic of antennal tip removal, with distal three segments cut from both antennae. ( E ) Arm feeding assay schematic. ( F ) Percent engorged on the human arm of indicated antenna treatment ( n = 8 to 9 trials per condition). ( G ) Glytube assay schematic. ( H ) Percent engorged on blood in the Glytube assay of indicated antenna treatment and blood temperature ( n = 9 trials per condition). ( I ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated antenna treatment on Peltier during seconds 90 to 180 of stimuli of indicated temperature (mean ± SEM, n = 8 to 9 trials per treatment; ns, unpaired t test at each tested temperature). ( J ) Schematic of the optothermocycler assay. ( K ) Percent probing in response to ambient temperature and heat at 34°C for antennal tip removal (left, n = 9 trials per condition) and full antenna removal (right, n = 8 trials per condition). Data are plotted as means ± SEM (ns, unpaired t test comparing cut and intact mosquitoes at 34°C). ( L ) Tarsal removal schematic, with distal three tarsal segments cut from each pair of legs. ( M ) Percent engorged on the human arm of indicated tarsal treatment ( n = 6 to 8 trials per condition). ( N ) Percent engorged on blood in the Glytube assay of indicated tarsal treatment ( n = 13 trials per condition). ( O to Q ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotypes on Peltier during the 26°C (O), 36°C (P), or 55°C (Q) trials. n = 9 trials per genotype. Data are plotted as scatter-box plots (individual data points, median as horizontal line, interquartile range as box) for (F), (H), and (M) to (Q). Data labeled with different letters are significantly different ( P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test). See also fig. S3.

Article Snippet: As for the heated air line, tubing was connected to a dual in-line solution Peltier heater/cooler device (Warner Instruments, SC-20), and the outlet was placed directly above the sensory appendage to be imaged.

Techniques: Feeding Assay, Labeling

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Cross-modal sensory compensation increases mosquito attraction to humans

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adn5758

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Schematic of Aedes aegypti Ir140 and Orco loci. Arrows indicate Ir140 mutant alleles in wild-type and Orco mutant backgrounds. Introns are not drawn to scale. ( B and C ) Percent of mosquitoes of indicated genotype on Peltier during seconds 90 to 180 of stimuli of indicated temperature for single Ir140 mutants [(B), n = 9 to 12 trials per genotype] and Orco , Ir140 double mutants [(C), n = 8 to 11 trials per genotype]. ( D ) Summary and model of Aedes aegypti heat detection and enhanced thermosensitivity in Orco mutant mosquitoes. Data are plotted as scatter-box plots (individual data points, median as horizontal line, interquartile range as box) for (B) and (C). Data labeled with different letters are significantly different ( P < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test at each tested temperature). See also figs. S7 and S8.

Article Snippet: As for the heated air line, tubing was connected to a dual in-line solution Peltier heater/cooler device (Warner Instruments, SC-20), and the outlet was placed directly above the sensory appendage to be imaged.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Labeling